Package com.exonum.binding.common.hash

Interface HashFunction

public interface HashFunction
A hash function is a collision-averse pure function that maps an arbitrary block of data to a number called a hash code.

Definition

Unpacking this definition:

  • block of data: the input for a hash function is always, in concept, an ordered byte array. This hashing API accepts an arbitrary sequence of byte and multibyte values (via Hasher), but this is merely a convenience; these are always translated into raw byte sequences under the covers.
  • hash code: each hash function always yields hash codes of the same fixed bit length (given by bits()). For example, Hashing.sha256() produces a 256-bit number, while Hashing.sha384() )} yields 384 bits. Because a long value is clearly insufficient to hold all hash code values, this API represents a hash code as an instance of HashCode.
  • pure function: the value produced must depend only on the input bytes, in the order they appear. Input data is never modified. HashFunction instances should always be stateless, and therefore thread-safe.
  • collision-averse: while it can't be helped that a hash function will sometimes produce the same hash code for distinct inputs (a "collision"), every hash function strives to some degree to make this unlikely. (Without this condition, a function that always returns zero could be called a hash function. It is not.)

Summarizing the last two points: "equal yield equal always; unequal yield unequal often." This is the most important characteristic of all hash functions.

Desirable properties

A high-quality hash function strives for some subset of the following virtues:

  • collision-resistant: while the definition above requires making at least some token attempt, one measure of the quality of a hash function is how well it succeeds at this goal. Important note: it may be easy to achieve the theoretical minimum collision rate when using completely random sample input. The true test of a hash function is how it performs on representative real-world data, which tends to contain many hidden patterns and clumps. The goal of a good hash function is to stamp these patterns out as thoroughly as possible.
  • bit-dispersing: masking out any single bit from a hash code should yield only the expected twofold increase to all collision rates. Informally, the "information" in the hash code should be as evenly "spread out" through the hash code's bits as possible. The result is that, for example, when choosing a bucket in a hash table of size 2^8, any eight bits could be consistently used.
  • cryptographic: certain hash functions such as Hashing.sha512() are designed to make it as infeasible as possible to reverse-engineer the input that produced a given hash code, or even to discover any two distinct inputs that yield the same result. These are called cryptographic hash functions. But, whenever it is learned that either of these feats has become computationally feasible, the function is deemed "broken" and should no longer be used for secure purposes. (This is the likely eventual fate of all cryptographic hashes.)
  • fast: perhaps self-explanatory, but often the most important consideration. We have published microbenchmark results for many common hash functions.

Providing input to a hash function

The primary way to provide the data that your hash function should act on is via a Hasher. Obtain a new hasher from the hash function using newHasher(), "push" the relevant data into it using methods like Hasher.putBytes(byte[]), and finally ask for the HashCode when finished using Hasher.hash(). (See an example of this.)

If all you want to hash is a single byte array, string or long value, there are convenient shortcut methods defined directly on HashFunction to make this easier.

Hasher accepts primitive data types, but can also accept any Object of type T provided that you implement a Funnel<T> to specify how to "feed" data from that object into the function. (See an example of this.)

Compatibility note: Throughout this API, multibyte values are always interpreted in little-endian order. That is, hashing the byte array {0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04} is equivalent to hashing the int value 0x04030201. If this isn't what you need, methods such as Integer.reverseBytes(int) and Ints.toByteArray(int) will help.

Relationship to Object.hashCode()

Java's baked-in concept of hash codes is constrained to 32 bits, and provides no separation between hash algorithms and the data they act on, so alternate hash algorithms can't be easily substituted. Also, implementations of hashCode tend to be poor-quality, in part because they end up depending on other existing poor-quality hashCode implementations, including those in many JDK classes.

Object.hashCode implementations tend to be very fast, but have weak collision prevention and no expectation of bit dispersion. This leaves them perfectly suitable for use in hash tables, because extra collisions cause only a slight performance hit, while poor bit dispersion is easily corrected using a secondary hash function (which all reasonable hash table implementations in Java use). For the many uses of hash functions beyond data structures, however, Object.hashCode almost always falls short -- hence this library.

Since:
11.0
Author:
Kevin Bourrillion

  • Method Summary

    Modifier and Type Method Description
    int bits()
    Returns the number of bits (a multiple of 32) that each hash code produced by this hash function has.
    HashCode hashBytes​(byte[] input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input).hash().
    HashCode hashBytes​(byte[] input, int off, int len)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input, off, len).hash().
    HashCode hashBytes​(java.nio.ByteBuffer input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input).hash().
    HashCode hashByteString​(com.google.protobuf.ByteString input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input.toByteArray()).hash().
    HashCode hashInt​(int input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putInt(input).hash(); returns the hash code for the given int value, interpreted in little-endian byte order.
    HashCode hashLong​(long input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putLong(input).hash(); returns the hash code for the given long value, interpreted in little-endian byte order.
    <T> HashCode hashObject​(T instance, Funnel<? super T> funnel)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putObject(instance, funnel).hash().
    HashCode hashString​(java.lang.CharSequence input, java.nio.charset.Charset charset)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putString(input, charset).hash().
    HashCode hashUnencodedChars​(java.lang.CharSequence input)
    Shortcut for newHasher().putUnencodedChars(input).hash().
    Hasher newHasher()
    Begins a new hash code computation by returning an initialized, stateful Hasher instance that is ready to receive data.
    Hasher newHasher​(int expectedInputSize)
    Begins a new hash code computation as newHasher(), but provides a hint of the expected size of the input (in bytes).

  • Method Details

    • newHasher

      Hasher newHasher()
      Begins a new hash code computation by returning an initialized, stateful Hasher instance that is ready to receive data. Example: 
         

   HashFunction hf = Hashing.md5();
   HashCode hc = hf.newHasher()
       .putLong(id)
       .putBoolean(isActive)
       .hash();

    • newHasher

      Hasher newHasher​(int expectedInputSize)
      Begins a new hash code computation as newHasher(), but provides a hint of the expected size of the input (in bytes). This is only important for non-streaming hash functions (hash functions that need to buffer their whole input before processing any of it).

    • hashInt

      HashCode hashInt​(int input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putInt(input).hash(); returns the hash code for the given int value, interpreted in little-endian byte order. The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.
      Since:
      12.0

    • hashLong

      HashCode hashLong​(long input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putLong(input).hash(); returns the hash code for the given long value, interpreted in little-endian byte order. The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.

    • hashBytes

      HashCode hashBytes​(byte[] input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.

    • hashByteString

      HashCode hashByteString​(com.google.protobuf.ByteString input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input.toByteArray()).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.

    • hashBytes

      HashCode hashBytes​(byte[] input, int off, int len)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input, off, len).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.
      Throws:
      java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException - if off < 0 or off + len > bytes.length or len < 0

    • hashBytes

      HashCode hashBytes​(java.nio.ByteBuffer input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putBytes(input).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.
      Since:
      23.0

    • hashUnencodedChars

      HashCode hashUnencodedChars​(java.lang.CharSequence input)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putUnencodedChars(input).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse. Note that no character encoding is performed; the low byte and high byte of each char are hashed directly (in that order).

      Warning: This method will produce different output than most other languages do when running the same hash function on the equivalent input. For cross-language compatibility, use hashString(java.lang.CharSequence, java.nio.charset.Charset), usually with a charset of UTF-8. For other use cases, use hashUnencodedChars.

      Since:
      15.0 (since 11.0 as hashString(CharSequence)).

    • hashString

      HashCode hashString​(java.lang.CharSequence input, java.nio.charset.Charset charset)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putString(input, charset).hash(). Characters are encoded using the given Charset. The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.

      Warning: This method, which reencodes the input before hashing it, is useful only for cross-language compatibility. For other use cases, prefer hashUnencodedChars(java.lang.CharSequence), which is faster, produces the same output across Java releases, and hashes every char in the input, even if some are invalid.

    • hashObject

      <T> HashCode hashObject​(T instance, Funnel<? super T> funnel)
      Shortcut for newHasher().putObject(instance, funnel).hash(). The implementation might perform better than its longhand equivalent, but should not perform worse.
      Since:
      14.0

    • bits

      int bits()
      Returns the number of bits (a multiple of 32) that each hash code produced by this hash function has.